We wouldn't suggest planting store bought potatoes since they tend to harbor disease issues. Also potatoes need to be planted in the spring as they take about 90-120 days to mature. You won't have enough warmth or day light to plant now. 

It is best to buy certified seed potatoes each spring that has been inspected for diseases.

Many other fall crops can still be planted! Greens like lettuce, arugula, and kale should have time to grow still (you need about 50 days for Kale so it may be more like 'baby kale' greens). Radishes are quick and could do well in a container too.  Garlic can be planted now as well to be harvest in the spring but it should be in the ground to protect it from freezing through in a container. 

Maryland Grows Blog about Fall Vegetable Gardening for some additional information.

Emily