The pictures aren't terribly clear. The one of the apple trunk looks like a properly healed wound but I could be missing something. The one of the browned branch shows some improper pruning that will eventually result in a dead branch.

Short answer: Cherries have very thin bark that will sometimes split in the winter. Especially on the south and/or west sides. Apples are very difficult to grow due to diseases and if you're not spraying fungicides or have a disease resistant cultivar, leaves will look bad, sometimes there will be cankers, and overall, just not a good situation.

Long answer: Here's a link to several of UK's publications on home fruit. I would encourage you to look through these and see if anything hits home. Also, in order to really know what's going on, you need to take samples to your local Extension Service office. There they can correctly diagnose the problem and send you off with some things to do.

http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/id/id21/id21.pdf

http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ID/ID219/ID219.pdf

Sorry, forgot about the maple question. There is an insect called the maple petiole borer that can cause maples to defoliate at this time of the year. No controls for it. Just rake up fallen leaves and dispose of them is about all you can do.

https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef405

Anthracnose is a possibility. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ppa/ppa17/ppa17.pdf

But you have to be realistic about any disease or insect on a mature tree....are you going to be able to spray the whole tree or are you going to hire it done?

Hope this helps.